The same
effect of dipping and vacuum impregnation
regarding hardness. The authors applied, e.g., pretreatment
of raw material by vacuum impregnation with a calcium
chloride solution and impregnation preceded by blanching in the high
temperature short time. They
stated that a decrease of pressure during impregnation from 59.9 to 9.3 kPa caused cell
damage. However, when comparing the sample
impregnated with water with that impregnated with a calcium
chloride solution, they observed improved mechanical properties of the tissue connected
with an
addition of calcium ions to the solution. Application of vacuum impregnation
after blanching did not
provide the expected effect of texture improvement in apples, irrespective of
the volume of the applied
pressure and concentration of calcium ions in the solution (0.2%–4.0% w/w).
This may be connected with the
removal of gases and partial filling of the intracellular space by the liquid during
thermal treatment. As a result, a lower amount
of calcium ions may penetrate to the tissue during
vacuum impregnation. Those authors also
investigated the texture of apples, which were subjected e.g., to blanching
(60 min at 40 °C, 15 min at 55 °C and 15 min at 65 °C) in 0.6% calcium chloride
solution or vacuum
impregnation with a 2% calcium chloride solution followed by osmotic
dehydration. An improved texture
of apples in comparison to the control (with no pretreatment) was observed in the
sample impregnated and blanched for 15 min at
55 °C. This was connected with a better preservation
of tissue microstructure. However, the
results of studies concerning the effect of vacuum impregnation
with calcium ions on the structure of plant tissue are not conclusive. Attempts
to apply calcium chloride in combination with ascorbic acid,
4-hexylresorcinol and sucrose in order to improve the
texture in minimally processed apples were also
made by BiegaĆska-Marecik and Czapski (2007).
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